C40 carotenoids including C40 originated apocarotenoids and intermediates
    1.2 beta,psi Carotene
            C40 Hydrocarbons

C40H54

534.832 g/mol

  Predict biological activities of this carotenoid
3',4'--H, beta,psi
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Provitamin A activity - 50% of that of all-trans-β-carotene (Ref.468).

Anticancer activity: Induce apoptosis at moderate cytotoxic concentrations in both androgen-sensitive/insensitive prostate cancer cells lines. (Ref.)

13

13

Constitutional isomer: CA00042, CA00196, CA00307, CA00710, CA00315, CA00588, CA00316

Cis/trans isomer: CA00951

0

0

2

0.064

40

0.000 Å²

Substrate: CR00030,  CR00031,  CR00036

Product: CR00114,  CR00370

Pathway: CB000078,  CB000144,  CB000145

Major carotenoid in marine fungi Rhodosporidium babjevae (Golubev) (Ref.729), and in red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (Ref.734). The most important producers of torulene and torularhodin include yeasts of Rhodotorula and Sporobolomycesgenera (Ref.735).

Ref.686: H. Kleinig, H. Reichenbach, H Achenbach, and J. Stadler, Arch. Mikrobiol. 78, 224--233 (1971), "Carotenoid Pigments of Sorangium compositum (Myxobacterales) Including Two New Carotenoid Glucoside Esters and Two New Carotenoid Rhamnosides".

Ref.72: Heo, Jinsol; Kim, Se Hyeuk; Lee, Pyung Cheon, Applied and Environmental Microbiology (2013), 79(11), 3336-3345., "New insight into the cleavage reaction of Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase in natural and nonnatural carotenoids".

Ref.114: Jenkins, R. L.; Loxdale, H. D.; Brookes, C. P.; Dixon, A. F. G., Physiological Entomology (1999), 24(2), 171-178., "The major carotenoid pigments of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)".

Ref.116: Britton, George; Lockley, William J. S.; Harriman, Garry A.; Goodwin, Trevor W., Nature (London, United Kingdom) (1977), 266(5597), 49-50., "Pigmentation of the ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata by carotenoids not of plant origin".

Ref.118: Andrewes, A. G.; Kjoesen, H.; Liaaen-Jensen, S.; Weisgraber, K. H.; Lousberg, R. J. J. C.; Weiss, U., Acta Chemica Scandinavica (1947-1973) (1971), 25(10), 3878-80., "Animal carotenoids. 7. Carotenes of two color variants of the aphid Macrosiphum liriodendri. Identification of natural γ,​γ-​carotene".

Ref.506: K. Shivalkar Yada and R. Prabha, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 7(12), 1973–1977, December 2014, ISSN (Print): 0974-6846 , ISSN (Online): 0974-5645, "Extraction of Pigments from Rhodotorula Species of Dairy Environment".

Ref.556: Saelices L, Youssar L, Holdermann I, Al-Babili S, Avalos J., Mol Genet Genomics. 2007 Nov;278(5):527-37. Epub 2007 Jul 4., PMID: 17610084 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0269-2, "Identification of the gene responsible for torulene cleavage in the Neurospora carotenoid pathway.".

Ref.468: Gerard P. Moss, Herbert Baxter, J.B. Harborne, Gerald P. Moss, CRC Press; 1 edition (February 15, 1993), ISBN-10: 0850667364, ISBN-13: 978-0850667363, "Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants".

Ref.729: Sigmund Sperstad et al., Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 33(4):269-73, "Torularhodin and torulene are the major contributors to the carotenoid pool of marine Rhodosporidium babjevae (Golubev)", DOI: 10.1007/s10295-005-0065-0.

Ref.734: Hany M. Yehia et al., Life Science Journal 2013;10(4), "Improvement of Carotenoid Pigments Produced by Rhodotorula glutinis", ISSN: 1097-8135.

Ref.735: Anna M. Kot et al., Microb Cell Fact. 2018; 17: 49., "Torulene and torularhodin: “new” fungal carotenoids for industry?", doi: 10.1186/s12934-018-0893-z.

547-23-9

KEGG COMPOUND: C08613
KNApSAcK: C00003786
LipidBank: VCA1006
ProCarDB: C0662