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Carotenoid tree
 
Figure: Postulated carotenogenesis pathways of end groups


  Carotenoid distributions in organisms

   C30 originated carotenoid producing organisms
  End groups  Organisms
ψ,ψFirmicutes - Clostridia, Firmicutes - Bacilli, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Firmicutes - Bacilli, same as Planococcus halophilus (Ref.615) and Marinococcus halophilus, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria: root nodule bacterium

   C40 originated carotenoid producing organisms
  End groups  Organisms
ψ,ψDeinococcus-Thermus: Thermophilic bacterium, Deltaproteobacteria: myxobacterium, Alphaproteobacteria: phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria, Alphaproteobacteria: photosynthetic purple nonsulfur bacterium, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, Alphaproteobacteria: spiral-shaped phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes - Bacilli, Alga: Cryptomonad, Insect: seven-spotted ladybird, Land plant: kaki persimmon, Land plant: papaya, Land plant: common marigold, Land plant: palm oil, Green alga: Dunaliellaceae, purple sulfur bacteria, Land plant: watermelon, Mammal: Human, Land plant: yellow passion fruit, Land plant: field mustard, Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose, Land plant: rice, Actinobacteria, Green alga: Scenedesmaceae, Fungi: red yeast, Land plant: orange, Land plant: starfruit, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix rubescens, Land plant: sweet potato, Land plant: corn, Land plant: brown boronia, Alphaproteobacteria: alkaliphilic purple non-sulfur bacteria from African Rift Valley soda lakes, Betaproteobacteria: phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria, Fungi: mold, Fungi: red bread mold, Insect: aphid, Fungi: mushroom, Deltaproteobacteria: halotolerant marine myxobacterium, Gammaproteobacteria: plant pathogenic bacteria, Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria: purple non-sulfur bacteria, Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a, Gemmatimonadetes, Fungi: psychrophilic antarctic yeast, Deltaproteobacteria: fruiting gliding myxobacterium isoloated from Lake Sediment, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix agardhii, Cyanobacteria: rod-shape unicellular cyanobacterium, diverged very early during the evolution of cyanobacteria, Oxidation of lycopene with m-chloroperbenzoic acid, Fungi: lichen, Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae, Land plant: Solanaceae: bittersweet nightshade, Land plant: green beens, Sea sponge, Betaproteobacteria: purple nonsulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, same as Thiocystis gelatinosa
β,ψGreen sulfur bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria: myxobacterium, Green plants: Charophyceae, Alga: Euglena, Green alga: Prasinophyte, Insect: seven-spotted ladybird, Insect: aphid, Alphaproteobacteria: phototrophic purple non-sulfur bacteria, Land plant: watermelon, Fungi: red yeast, Land plant: common marigold, Land plant: palm oil, Land plant: yellow passion fruit, Filamentous bacterium, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Fungi: red bread mold, Land plant, Land plant: orange, Land plant: buriti, native Amazonian fruits, Mauritia flexuosa var. venezuelana Steyerm., Deltaproteobacteria: fruiting gliding myxobacterium isoloated from Lake Sediment, Fungi: galactooligosaccharide producing yeast , Fungi: psychrophilic antarctic yeast, Fungi: mushroom, Land plant: papaya, Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose hips, Bacteroidetes, Bony fish: catfish, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix rubescens, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix agardhii, Cyanobacteria: hot spring alga, Cyanobacteria: a nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium same as Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Cyanobacteria: star jelly, witch's butter, mare's eggs, fah-tsai and facai, eaten as a salad, Cyanobacteria: filaments repeated single false branched forming cyanobacteria, yellow-brown colored, Cyanobacteria: a hair-forming cyanobacteria rom an upland stream, Cyanobacteria: freshwater unicellular cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: colony square or rectangular, Cyanobacteria: terrestrial cyanobacteria sampled from rock surfaces containing chlorophyll a, Cyanobacteria: freshwater cyanobacteria, Land plant: French marigold, Deltaproteobacteria: halotolerant marine myxobacterium, Actinobacteria, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose, Deinococcus-Thermus, CFB group bacteria: orange-pigmented bacterium isolated from marine sponge, purple sulfur bacteria, same as Thiocystis gelatinosa, CFB group bacteria: extremely halophilic member of the Bacteria from saltern crystallizer ponds, Fungi: fungus, a plant pathogen, Fungi: lichen, depilatory sea hare, Sea sponge, Fungi: mold, Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine, Shellfish: pacific oyster, Shellfish: bivalve
ε,ψLand plant: Solanaceae: tomato, Land plant: sweet potato, Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Bony fish: catfish, Land plant: azafrán, azafrancillo, Land plant: Bixaceae: buttercup tree; wild cotton; forest peach; rose imperial, Kuroda's sea hare, Land plant: avocado, Land plant: Bixaceae, Bony fish: largemouth bass
γ,ψInsect: seven-spotted ladybird
φ,ψunclassified bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, unclassified bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, Green sulfur bacteria, Actinobacteria
χ,ψpurple sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, same as Thiocystis gelatinosa
β,βA Chl f-containing filamentous cyanobacterium purified from stromatolites of Shark Bay, Wes-tern Australia. "hong-de-chloris" represents "red chlorophyll" in Chinese. (Ref.678), Deinococcus-Thermus: Thermophilic bacterium, Alphaproteobacteria: root nodule bacterium, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacteria: hot spring alga, Cyanobacteria: terrestrial cyanobacteria sampled from rock surfaces containing chlorophyll a, Cyanobacteria: symbiotic species Unicellular Cyanobacterium, an epiphyte on red alga, Cyanobacteria: an epiphyte on red alga, Cyanobacteria: filamentous oxygenic photoautotrophic procaryotes containing chlorophylls a and b., Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix rubescens, Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix agardhii, Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium same as Dolichospermum flos-aquae, Cyanobacteria: a nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: star jelly, witch's butter, mare's eggs, fah-tsai and facai, eaten as a salad, Cyanobacteria: filaments repeated single false branched forming cyanobacteria, yellow-brown colored, Cyanobacteria: a hair-forming cyanobacteria rom an upland stream, Cyanobacteria: other name is Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, Cyanobacteria: freshwater unicellular cyanobacterium, Cyanobacteria: colony square or rectangular, Red alga: Bangiaceae , Red alga: Compsopogonophyceae, Red alga: Porphyridiaceae, unicellular alga , Red alga: Nemaliales , Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales, Red alga: Gigartinales , Red alga: Palmariales , Red alga: Ceramiales, Red alga: Halymeniales, Red alga: Gigartinales, Red alga: Gelidiales, Red alga: Plocamiales, Red alga: Corallinales, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular marine flagellate, Green alga: Scenedesmaceae, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, Green alga: Ulvophyceae, Green alga: Chlorophyceae, Green plants: Charophyceae, Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae, Green alga: Siphonocladaceae, Alga: Cryptomonad, Alga: Eustigmatophyceae, Alga: Pelagophyceae, Golden alga: Chrysophyceae, Golden alga: Synurophyceae, Alga: unclassified stramenopiles, Alga: Haptophyte, Alga: Dinoflagellate, Green alga: Dunaliellaceae, Alga: Raphidophyceae, Alga: Diatom, Alga: Euglena, Green alga: Prasinophyte, Green alga: Chlorodendraceae, Green alga: Prasinophyte same as Polyblepharides amylifera, Brown alga: Fucaceae, Brown alga: Laminariaceae, Glaucophyte: a freshwater species, Glaucophyte: Glaucocystophyceae , Insect: seven-spotted ladybird, Insect: aphid, Fungi: red yeast, Land plant: tea, black tea, Camellia sinensis L., Red alga: Cyanidiaceae, unicellular haploid red alga adapted to high sulfur acidic hot spring environments, Sea sponge, Land plant: starfruit, Land plant: kaki persimmon, Land plant: yellow paprika, Land plant: mango, Land plant: sweet potato, Land plant: brown boronia, Crustacean: crab, Insect: giant prickly stick insect, Shellfish: bivalve, Land plant: arabica coffee, Land plant: robusta coffee, Insect: greater wax moth, Fungi: lichen, Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism, Land plant: Rosaceae: French rose, Land plant: yellow passion fruit, Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes, Land plant: orange-fleshed muskmelon "honeydew", Land plant: papaya, Common frog, Himalaya flying frog, Land plant: common marigold, Land plant: palm oil, Shellfish: univalve shell, Bird: Andean flamingo, Bird: Puna flamingo, Land plant: watermelon, Land plant: spinach, gastropods, Mammal: Human, Land plant: goji berry, wolfberry, Duke of Argyll's teatree, Lycium barbarum L., Land plant: goji berry, Chinese boxthorn, Chinese wolfberry, kuko, gou qi, same as Lycium chinense Mill., 1768, Land plant: lilac, Fungi: fungus, a plant pathogen, Land plant: grapefruit, Land plant: orange, Land plant: common box, Amphipod, Land plant: adonis flower, Insect: moth, Bird: chicken, Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine, Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a, European squid, Bony fish: gold fish, Deinococcus-Thermus, Alga: Green dinoflagellate, same as Gymnodinium chlorophorum, Bacteroidetes, Bony fish: arctic char, Bird: pompadour cotinga, Bony fish: catfish, Crustacean: copepod, chiton, Starfish, northern sea cucumber, Land plant: monkeyflower, Land plant: red spice paprika, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose hips, Archaea: Crenarchaeota, Land plant: Solanaceae: winter cherry, Land plant: goji berry, Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Green alga: Trentepohliaceae, Land plant, Shellfish: pacific oyster, Bony fish: Amur goby, Land plant: Rosaceae: apple peel extract, Land plant: pumpkin, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose petal, Land plant: avocado, Insect: walking stick, Bird: oriole, Bird: maroon oriole, Bird: American flamingo, Insect: caddisfly, Crustacean: a cladoceran freshwater water flea, -, Land plant: Webb's Honeysuckle, Stony coral, Bubblegum coral, Soft coral, non-sulfur purple bacteria, Bony fish: horsehead tilefish, Tunicate, Alphaproteobacteria: nonphototrophic marine bacterium, Sea urchin, Shellfish: bivalve, Mactra chinensis Philippi, 1846, Shellfish: bivalve, Japanese littleneck, Tapes japonica, Venerupis philippinarum, Shellfish: bivalve, Meretrix petechialis (Lamarck, 1818), Alphaproteobacteria: radio-tolerant bacterium, Crustacean, Shellfish: Abalone, Sea anemone, Gastropod: Spanish dancer, Shellfish: bivalve, Venus amabilis, Bony fish: red mullet , Land plant: Zamiaceae
β,εArchaea: Euryarchaeota, Cyanobacteria, Red alga: Bangiaceae , Red alga: Nemaliales , Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales, Red alga: Palmariales , Red alga: Rhodymeniales , Red alga: Ceramiales, Red alga: Halymeniales, Red alga: Gigartinales, Red alga: Gelidiales, Red alga: Gigartinales , Red alga: Plocamiales, Red alga: Corallinales, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, Green alga: Scenedesmaceae, Green alga: Ulvophyceae, Green alga: Chlorophyceae, Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae, Green plants: Charophyceae, Green alga: Dunaliellaceae, Alga: Cryptomonad, Alga: Haptophyte, Alga: Euglena, Green alga: Prasinophyte, Green alga: Chlorodendraceae, Shellfish: bivalve, Land plant: kaki persimmon, Land plant: yellow paprika, Insect: giant prickly stick insect, Bird: chicken, Land plant: arabica coffee, Land plant: robusta coffee, Sea sponge, Fungi: lichen, Himalaya flying frog, Land plant: palm oil, Insect: greater wax moth, Mammal: Human, Cyanobacteria: symbiotic species Unicellular Cyanobacterium, an epiphyte on red alga, Cyanobacteria: an epiphyte on red alga, Land plant: papaya, Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine, Land plant: Rosaceae: French rose, Sea urchin, European squid, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular marine flagellate, Green alga: Siphonocladaceae, Alga: Green dinoflagellate, same as Gymnodinium chlorophorum, Green alga: Prasinophyte same as Polyblepharides amylifera, Land plant: spinach, Land plant: starfruit, Land plant: brown boronia, Bony fish: gold fish, Common frog, Land plant: common marigold, Land plant: Rosaceae: apple peel extract, Bony fish: arctic char, Shellfish: univalve shell, Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes, Bony fish: horsehead tilefish, Bony fish: Amur goby, chiton, Land plant: dandelion, Land plant: buttercup, Land plant: sunflower, Green alga: Trentepohliaceae, Land plant: avocado, Fungi: mushroom, Land plant: red pepper, Crinoid, Bird: American flamingo, Actinobacteria, Insect: butterfly, Crustacean: crab, Bird: oriole, Bird: maroon oriole, Bird: pompadour cotinga, Common hermit crab, Tunicate, Land plant: rice, Land plant: typical chino bamboo, Land plant: millet, Shellfish: bivalve, Venus amabilis, Soft coral; The dark-red gorgonian, sea whip, sea fan, Shellfish: Abalone, Shellfish: pacific oyster
β,γInsect: seven-spotted ladybird, Insect: aphid, Fungi: mushroom, Shellfish: bivalve, Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Land plant: red paprika, Land plant: red pepper
ε,εAlga: Cryptomonad, Green alga: Prasinophyte, Cyanobacteria, Bird: Andean flamingo, Alga: Pelagophyceae, Fungi: lichen, Bony fish: arctic char, Mammal: Human, chiton, Bony fish: bigeye tuna, Bony fish: yellowtail rockfish, Bony fish: Japanese red rockfish, Land plant: papaya, Bird: chicken, Bony fish: common dolphinfish, Bony fish: flying fish, Bird: maroon oriole, Bird: pin-tailed manakin, Fungi: fungus, a plant pathogen, Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes
γ,εGreen alga: Prasinophyte, Sea sponge
γ,γInsect: seven-spotted ladybird, Insect: aphid
β,φSea sponge, purple sulfur bacteria
β,χSea sponge, purple sulfur bacteria, Starfish
β,κLand plant, Land plant: red pepper, Land plant: horse chestnut, Bird: chicken, Tunicate, Land plant: paprika, Shellfish: bivalve, Land plant: asparagus, Fungi: lichen, Sea sponge, Starfish, Shellfish: pacific oyster, Land plant: red spice paprika
κ,χSea sponge
κ,κLand plant: red pepper
φ,φSea sponge, Actinobacteria, Actinobacteria: Cheese ripening bacteria (Limberger etc.), Green sulfur bacteria, Gastropod, purple sulfur bacteria, unclassified bacteria, green sulfur bacteria
χ,χpurple sulfur bacteria, Cyanobacteria
φ,χSea sponge, purple sulfur bacteria
ψ,-Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Land plant: watermelon, Mammal: Human, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Fungi: ascomycete fungus, purple sulfur bacteria, same as Thiocystis gelatinosa
β,-Land plant: brown boronia, Alga: Haptophyte, Land plant: citrus hybrid of a citrange and a kumquat, Land plant: Bixaceae: buttercup tree; wild cotton; forest peach; rose imperial, Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine, Bird: chicken, Land plant: orange, Fungi: lichen, Sea urchin, Gastropod, Land plant: Chinese foxglove, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Kuroda's sea hare, Land plant: Robinson tangerine, Land plant: Bixaceae, Land plant: saffron crocus, Land plant: mandarin orange, Land plant: green pepper, Cyanobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria: Sphingomonadaceae, Land plant: starfruit, Land plant: orange-fleshed muskmelon "honeydew", Actinobacteria, Thermal degraded product, Shellfish: bivalve, Land plant: avocado, Bony fish: largemouth bass, Land plant, Bony fish: sweetfish, Bird: Japanese quail, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose petal, Land plant: mammee-apple, mamey, native Amazonian fruits, Alga: Diatom, Possible product of ozonolysis, Cyanobacteria: freshwater cyanobacteria, Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism, Land plant: Rosaceae: prune, Fungi: foliose lichen, commonly known as the dog lichen, Mammal: Rodent, Insect: greater wax moth, Fungi: mycorrhizal fungus, Bony fish: dwarf goonch, Bony fish, Mammal: Human, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, Common frog, Sea sponge, Bony fish: European perch, Bony fish: dace, Eurasian dace, frogs & toads, Land plant: rice, Land plant: witchweeds, Striga Lour., Land plant: holoparasite, Land plant: Phelipanche Pomel, Land plant: sunflower, Land plant: Teak, Land plant: white goosefoot, lamb's-quarters, Land plant: Solanaceae: Inedible plant for humans, Land plant: chrysanthemum, Land plant: sweet osmanthus, Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour., Land plant: Rosaceae: Damask rose, Land plant: grapevine, Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a, Land plant: goji berry, Chinese boxthorn, Chinese wolfberry, kuko, gou qi, same as Lycium chinense Mill., 1768, Land plant: common tobacco, Land plant: Rosaceae: Rose de Mai, Burgundy rose, Terrabacteria group; Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group; Cyanobacteria, Land plant: arabica coffee, Land plant: robusta coffee, Land plant: Solanaceae: tomato, same as Lycopersicon esculentum, Red alga: Bangiaceae, Asakusa-nori, same as Pyropia tenera, Crustacean: Lobster
ε,-Bony fish: largemouth bass, Fungi: mycorrhizal fungus, Insect: greater wax moth, Land plant: barrel medic, Land plant: white goosefoot, lamb's-quarters, Land plant: tea, black tea, Camellia sinensis L., Land plant, Land plant: Teak, Land plant: Solanaceae: Inedible plant for humans, Land plant: chrysanthemum, Land plant: Nalta jute, same as Corchorus olitorius, Land plant: water-pepper, Land plant: grapevine, Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism, Red alga: Bangiaceae, Asakusa-nori, same as Pyropia tenera, Land plant: common tobacco, Insect: honey bee
γ,-Land plant: common tobacco, Land plant: Rosaceae: prune
κ,-Land plant: green pepper
-,-Land plant: croccus, Land plant: saffron crocus, Land plant: gardenia, Land plant: night jasmine, Land plant: Bixaceae, Thermal degraded product, Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacteria: freshwater cyanobacteria, Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, Fungi: ascomycete fungus, Land plant: green pepper, Land plant: Rosaceae: rose petals, Fungi: mycorrhizal fungus, Land plant: barrel medic, Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism

   C45 originated carotenoid producing organisms
  End groups  Organisms
ψ,ψArchaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus
β,ψBacteroidetes
ε,ψActinobacteria, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus
β,βActinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus
ε,εActinobacteria, Actinobacteria: amino acid producing bacteria

   C50 originated carotenoid producing organisms
  End groups  Organisms
ψ,ψArchaea: Euryarchaeota, Actinobacteria, Archaea: Euryarchaeota, triangular, disc-shaped, extremely halophilic archaeon that requires high concentrations of NaCl for growth, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Halophilic bacteria
β,ψActinobacteria
ε,ψActinobacteria
β,βActinobacteria: amino acid producing bacteria, Actinobacteria
ε,εActinobacteria: amino acid producing bacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Unclassified pseudomonads, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus
γ,γFirmicutes - Clostridia, Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Actinobacteria: isolated from surface-sterilized Polyspora axillaris roots


Since June 15th, 2015 by Junko Yabuzaki.