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Entry
CA00587                                                            

Classification
Carotenoid Name
α-Carotene;
alpha-Carotene;
(6'R)-α-Carotene
IUPAC name (6'R)-beta,epsilon-Carotene
Formula
C40H56
Molecular Weight 
536.848 g/mol
Structure      Search similar carotenoids

Mol file
Carotenoid DB Fingerprints 
Biological functions/Properties 
  • Provitamin A activity - 30-50% of all-trans-β-carotene (Ref.408, Ref.467).
  • Anticarcinogenic activity - stronger than β-carotene (Ref.418, Ref.411, Ref.414, Ref.491).
  • An antioxidant - 87.5 times stronger singlet oxygen quenching ability than that ofα-tocopherol - SOAC value: 87.5 (Ref.616, Ref.597, Ref.598, Ref.599, Ref.415).
  • Found in human skin throughout the epidermis, dermis, and also the subcutaneous (Ref.753).
  • Number of
    conjugated double bonds 
    10
    Number of
    conjugated multiple bonds 
    10
    Isomers 
  • Constitutional isomer: CA00043, CA00045, CA00191, CA00298, CA00305, CA00309, CA00677, CA00680, CA00681, CA00720
  • Enantiomer: CA01191
  • InChI

    InChIKey

    Canonical SMILES

    XLogP
    15.187
    Hydrogen Bond donors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    0
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    0
    LipinskiFailures
    1
    Complexity of molecule
    0.312
    Number of heavy atoms
    40
    TPSA
    (Topological Polar Surface Area) 
    0.000 Å2
    Reaction
  • Substrate: CR00054,  CR00060,  CR00061,  CR00106,  CR00198,  CR00199,  CR00406,  CR00407,  CR00408
  • Product: CR00102,  CR00367,  CR00376
  • Pathway
  • Pathway: CB000033,  CB000034,  CB000130,  CB000132
  • Major carotenoid information
    Major carotenoid found in human milk (Ref.722). Major in a variety of fruits: Japanese citrus fruit ponkan mandarin (Ref.723), banana (Ref.714). Also major in a variety of vegetables: carrot, garden rocket , pumpkin, and squash (Ref.714).
    Minor carotenoid information

    Source organisms
    Halobacterium cutirubrum (Ref.331) - Archaea: Euryarchaeota (Euryarchaeota - Halobacteriaceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus (Ref.273) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1986 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1375 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 2773 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Scinaia confusa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Scinaia latifrons (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Rhodymenia palmata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Palmariales (Rhodophyta - Palmariaceae)
    Fauchea galapagensis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta - Faucheaceae)
    Rhodymenia californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta - Rhodymeniaceae)
    Bangia alropurpurea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra perforata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Iridaea chordata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus exasperatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus spinosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus corymbiferus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella affinis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella flaccida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Callophyllis pinnata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Kallymeniaceae)
    Mastocarpus papillatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Phyllophoraceae)
    Eucheuma uncinatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Solieriaceae)
    Grateloupia setchelii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis lyalii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Halymenia hollenbergii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis cornea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Plocamium violaceae (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Plocamium cartilagineum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales (Rhodophyta - Bonnemaisoniaceae)
    Antithamnion plumula (Ref.11) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Centroceras clavulatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ceramium rubrum (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota densa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota hypnoides (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ptilota filicina (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Phycodrys amplissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Cryptopleura farlowiana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Asterocolax gardner (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Acrosorium ciliolatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Cryptopleura lobulifera (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Polyneura latissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Bossiella orbignyana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Corallina officinalis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Pterocladia capillacea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium johnstonii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium pusillum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium robustum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Pterocladia lucida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Opuntiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ref.12, Ref.13, Ref.14) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Protosiphon botryoides (Ref.16, Ref.17) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Dunaliella salina (Ref.606) - Green alga: Dunaliellaceae (Chlorophyta - Dunaliellaceae)
    Ankistrodesmus spp. (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Selenastraceae)
    Pleurastrum paucicellulare (Ref.16) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Ulotrichales incertae sedis)
    Tetraselmis wettsteinii (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis sp. (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Oedogonium cardiacum (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oedogoniales)
    Chara tomentosa (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara hispida (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara globularis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Nitella opaca (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Bathycoccus prasinos (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Bathycoccaceae)
    Mantoniella squamata (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Mamiellaceae)
    Micromonas pusilla (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Mamiellaceae)
    Nephroselmis pyriformis (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Prasinococcus capsulatus (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Prasinococcales)
    Pseudoscourfieldia marina (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pycnococcaceae)
    Pycnococcus provasolii (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pycnococcaceae)
    Arousa sp. (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Unclassified chlorophyta - Unclassified chlorophyta)
    Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Ref.21) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorellaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii (Ref.19) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii Kawaguchi-1 (Ref.231) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Cryptomonas ovata (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Cryptomonadaceae)
    Cryptomonas sp. (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Cryptomonadaceae)
    Hemiselmis virescens (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Hemiselmidaceae)
    Chroomonas salina (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Chroomonadaceae)
    Rhodomonas D3 (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Pyrenomonadaceae)
    Eutreptiella gymnastica (Ref.45) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Eutreptiales)
    Coccolithus huxleyi (Ref.32) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Coccolithaceae)
    Isochrysis galbana (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Isochrysidaceae)
    Phaeocystis sp. (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Phaeocystaceae)
    Prymnesium parvum (Ref.31) - Alga: Haptophyte ((Haptophyceae) - Prymnesiaceae)
    Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum (Ref.283) - Land plant: yellow paprika (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Coffea canephora (Ref.323) - Land plant: robusta coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Coffea arabica (Ref.323) - Land plant: arabica coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Diospyros kaki (Ref.282) - Land plant: kaki persimmon (Streptophyta - Ebenaceae)
    Elaeis spp. (Ref.431) - Land plant: palm oil (Streptophyta - Arecaceae)
    Protousnea sp. (Ref.388) - Fungi: lichen (Ascomycota - Lecanorineae)
    Galleria mellonella (Ref.558) - Insect: greater wax moth (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Pyralidae)
    Extatosoma tiaratum (Ref.308) - Insect: giant prickly stick insect (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Phasmatidae)
    Corbicula clams (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula japonica (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula sandai (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Agelas schmidtii (Ref.369) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Agelasidae)
    Microciona prolifera (Ref.372) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Microcionidae)
    Gymnogobius castaneus (Ref.772) - Bony fish: Rosary goby, small goby(4~6 cm body length)that inhabits the middle stretches of rivers, lakes, and lagoons in North Eastern Japan. Its tail fin is bright orange in color. (Chordata - Gobiidae)
    Rhacophorus bipunctatus (Ref.421) - Himalaya flying frog (Chordata - Rhacophoridae)
    Gallus gallus (Ref.309) - Bird: chicken (Chordata - Phasianidae)
    Homo sapiens (Ref.407) - Mammal: Human (Chordata - Hominidae)
    References
  • Ref.331: Kushwaha, S. C.; Pugh, E. L.; Kramer, J. K. G.; Kates, M., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Lipids and Lipid Metabolism (1972), 260(3), 492-506., "Isolation and identification of dehydrosqualene and C40 carotenoid pigments in Halobacterium cutirubrum cutirubrum".
  • Ref.273: Goericke Ralf and Daniel J. Repeta, Limnology and Oceanography Volume 37, Issue 2, pages 425–433, March 1992, "The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinylchlorophyll a and b in a marine procaryote".
  • Ref.274: Shinichi Takaichi, Mari Mochimaru, Hiroko Uchida, Akio Murakami, Euichi Hirose, Takashi Maoka, Tohru Tsuchiya, and Mamoru Mimuro, Plant Cell Physiol. 53(11): 1881–1888 (2012) doi:10.1093/pcp/pcs126, "Opposite Chilarity of a-Carotene in Unusual Cyanobacteria with Unique Chlorophylls, Acaryochloris and Prochlorococcus".
  • Ref.10: N. Schubert, E. Garcia-Mendoza, and I. Pachecho-Ruiz, J. Phycol. 42, 1208-1216 (2006) "Carotenoid composition of marine red algae".
  • Ref.9: T. Bjoernland and M. Aguilar-Martinez, Phytochemistry, 1976, Vol.15 pp.291-296, "Carotenoids in red algae".
  • Ref.11: T. Bjornland, G. Borch, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochemistry, Vol. 23, No 8, pp.1711-1715, 1984. "Configurational studies on red algae carotenoids".
  • Ref.12: N.I. Krinsky and R. P. Levine, Plant Physiol. Jul 1964; 39(4): 680–687. "Carotenoids of Wild Type and Mutant Strains of the Green Alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi".
  • Ref.13: PMID: 1190948: Francis GW, Strand LP, Lien T, Knutsen G., Arch Microbiol. 1975 Aug 28;104(3):249-54. "Variations in the Carotenoid Content of Chlamydomonas reinhardii throughout the Cell cycle".
  • Ref.14: S. Tkaichi, and M. Mimuro, Plant Cell Physiol. 39(9): 968-977 (1998) "Distribution and Geometric Isomerism of Neoxanthin in Oxygenic Phototrophs: 9'-Cis, a Sole Molecular Form".
  • Ref.16: M. Orosa, E. Torres, P. Fidalgo, J. Abalde, Journal of Applied Phycology, October 2000, Volume 12, Issue 3-5, pp 553-556 "Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae".
  • Ref.17: H. Kleinig and F. C. Czygan (1969), Z Naturforsch B. 1969 Jul;24(7):927-30. "Lipids of Protosiphon (Chlorophyta) Carotenoids and Carotenoid Esters of five Strains of Protosiphon botryoides Klebs" .
  • Ref.19: Merete Grunga, Pierre Metzger, Synnove Liaaen-jensen, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Volume 17, Issue 4, 28 July 1989, Pages 263–269 "Primary and Secondary Carotenoids in Two Races of the Green Alga Botryocossu braunii".
  • Ref.21: B. Stephen Inbaraj, J.T. Chien, B. H. Chen. (2005); "Improved high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa".
  • Ref.25: M. Schagerl, and Clemens Pichler, Aquatic Botany 67 (2000) 117–129 "Pigment composition of freshwater charophyceae".
  • Ref.606: K.N. Chidambara Murthy, A. Vanitha, J. Rajesha, M. Mahadeva Swamy, P.R. Sowmya, Gokare A. Ravishankar, Life Sciences 76 (2005) 1381 – 1390, "In vivo antioxidant activity of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina — a green microalga".
  • Ref.26: F. C. Pennington, F. T. Haxo, G. Borch, and Liaaen-Jensen, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 215-219, 1985 "Carotenoids of Cryptophyceae".
  • Ref.31: R. Berger, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 1977, Vol. 5, pp.71-75 "Carotenoids of Prymnesiophyceae (Haptophyceae)* ".
  • Ref.32: N. Arpin, W. A. Svec, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochemistry, 1976, Vol. 15, pp. 529-532 "New Fucoxanthin related carotenoids from Coccolithus Huxleyi".
  • Ref.45: A. Fiksdahl, T. Bjoernland, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochemistry, Vol. 23, No.3, pp. 649-655, 1984, "Algal carotenoids with novel end groups".
  • Ref.46: E. S. Egeland, R. R. L. Guillard, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochemistry, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp.1087-1097, 1997, "Additional carotenoid prototype representatices and general chemosystematic evaluation of carotenoids in prasinophyceae (chlorophyta)".
  • Ref.47: E. S. Egeland, W. Eikrem, J. Throndsen, C. Wilhelm, M. Zapata, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Biochemical systematics and Ecology, Vol. 23, NO. 7/8, pp. 747-755, 1995 "Carotenoids from Further Prasinophytes".
  • Ref.221: Maoka, Takashi; Fujiwara, Yasuhiro; Hashimoto, Keiji; Akimoto, Naoshige, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2005), 53(21), 8357-8364. "Carotenoids in Three Species of Corbicula Clams, Corbicula japonica, Corbicula sandai, and Corbicula sp. (Chinese Freshwater Corbicula Clam)".
  • Ref.282: A. L. Curl, Volume 25, Issue 5, Article first published online: 25 AUG 2006, "The Carotenoids of Jappanese persimmons".
  • Ref.283: Zoltan Matus, Jozsef Deli, Jozsef Szabolcs, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1991, 39 (11), pp 1907–1914, "Carotenoid composition of yellow pepper during ripening: isolation of .beta.-cryptoxanthin 5,6-epoxide".
  • Ref.231: Agrawal, Poonam; Laddha, Kirti; Tiwari, Ashok, Agrawal, Poonam; Laddha, Kirti; Tiwari, Ashok., "Isolation and HPLC method development of azafrin from Alectra parasitica var. chitrakutensis".
  • Ref.308: Kayser, Hartmut, Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, C: Journal of Biosciences (1981), 36C(9-10), 755-64., "Carotenoids in the stick insect, Ectatosoma tiaratum. Isolation of β,ε-carotene-2-ol and β,ε-carotene-2-one".
  • Ref.309: Matsuno, Takao; Hirono, Toshihiko; Ikuno, Yoshihiro; Maoka, Takashi; Shimizu, Minoru; Komori, Tadaaki, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (1986), 84B(4), 477-81., "Isolation of three new carotenoids and proposed metabolic pathways of carotenoids in hen's egg yolk".
  • Ref.323: Andrew J. Simkin, Marcel Kuntz, Helene Moreau, James McCarthy, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48 (2010) pp.434-442, "Carotenoid profiling and the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in developing coffee grain".
  • Ref.369: Buchecker, Richard; Eugster, Conrad Hans; Litchfield, Carter, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume60, Issue8, Pages2780-8, 1977, ISSN:0018-019X, "Carotenoids from marine sponges (Porifera): isolation and structure of the seven main carotenoids from Agelas schmidtii".
  • Ref.372: Litchfield, Carter; Liaaen-Jensen, Synnoeve, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (1980), 66B(3), 359-65., "Animal carotenoids. Part 23. Carotenoids of the marine sponge, Microciona prolifera".
  • Ref.388: B. Czeczuga, E. Czeczuga-Semeniuk, S. Calvelo, and S. Liberatore, Journal of Botanical Taxonomy and Geobotany, Volume 116, Issue 3-4, pages 195–200, August 2005, "Carotenoids in representatives of the Protousnea (Parmeliaceae), endemic genus from South America".
  • Ref.421: Pinky Baruah and Goswami UC., Journal of Research in Biology, pp.114-118, 2012, Vol.2, No.2, "Characterization of carotenoid pigments in amphibian, Rhacophorous bipunctatus".
  • Ref.431: R. F. Hunter and R. M. Krakenberger, Biochem Jv.40(4); 1946PMC1258385, "Palm-oil carotenoids".
  • Ref.558: Vitus Oberhausera, Olaf Voolstraa, Annette Bangerta, Johannes von Lintigb, and Klaus Vogt, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Dec 2;105(48):19000-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807805105. Epub 2008 Nov 19., "NinaB combines carotenoid oxygenase and retinoid isomerase activity in a single polypeptide.".
  • Ref.407: Wilhelm Stahl and Helmut Sies, 2012 American Society for Nutrition, "β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight".
  • Ref.772: Takashi Maoka, J. Oleo Sci. 67, (10) 1259-1263 (2018), “New Acetylenic Carotenoid 6’-Epimonadoxanthin from the Rosary Goby Gymnogobius castaneus”, doi: 10.5650/jos.ess18153.
  • Ref.408: Jonathan R Mein, Fuzhi Lian, Xiang-Dong Wang, Nutr Rev. 2008 Dec;66(12):667-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00120.x., PMID: 19019036, "Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention".
  • Ref.467: Abdulkerim Eroglu and Earl H. Harrison, Journal of Lipid Research Volume 54, 2013, "Carotenoid metabolism in mammals, including man: formation, occurrence, and function of apocarotenoids".
  • Ref.418: Michiaki Murakoshi, Hoyoku Nishino, Yoshiko Satomi, Junko Takayasu, Teiko Hasegawa, Harukuni Tokuda, Akio Iwashima, Junichi Okuzumi, Hidetoshi Okabe, Hirokazu Kitano, and Ryozo Iwasaki, [CANCER RESEARCH 52, 6583-6587, December 1, 1992], "Potent Preventive Action of a-Carotene against Carcinogenesis: Spontaneous Liver Carcinogenesis and Promoting Stage of Lung and Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice Are Suppressed More Effectively by a-Carotene Than by B-Carotene".
  • Ref.411: L Le Marchand, J H Hankin, L N Kolonel, G R Beecher, L R Wilkens and L P Zhao, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.2, pp.183-187, May/June 1993, "Intake of specific carotenoids and lung cancer risk.".
  • Ref.414: Nishino H, Murakosh M, Ii T, Takemura M, Kuchide M, Kanazawa M, Mou XY, Wada S, Masuda M, Ohsaka Y, Yogosawa S, Satomi Y, Jinno K., Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):257-64., "Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention.".
  • Ref.491: Tsushima M, Maoka T, Katsuyama M, Kozuka M, Matsuno T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A., Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Feb;18(2):227-33., PMID: 7742789, "Inhibitory effect of natural carotenoids on Epstein-Barr virus activation activity of a tumor promoter in Raji cells. A screening study for anti-tumor promoters.".
  • Ref.616: Takahashi S., Iwasaki-Kino Y., and Terao J., and Mukai K., FOOD COMPOSITION AND ADDITIVES, Journal of AOAC International Vol. 99, no.1, 2016 pp.193-197, "Development of Singlet Oxygen Absorption Capacity (SOAC) Assay Method Using a Microplate Reader".
  • Ref.597: Kazuo MUKAI, Aya OUCHI, Oleoscience, Vol. 13 (2013) No. 8 p. 371-378, "Antioxidant Activity of Foods Development of Singlet Oxygen Absorption Capacity (SOAC) Assay Method".
  • Ref.598: Ouchi, A., Aizawa, K., Iwasaki, Y., Inakuma, T., Terao, J., Nagaoka, S., Mukai, K., 2010. Kinetic study of the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by carotenoids and food extracts in solution. Development of a singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 9967–78. doi:10.1021/jf101947a.
  • Ref.599: Aizawa, K., Iwasaki, Y., Ouchi, A., Inakuma, T., Nagaoka, S., Terao, J., Mukai, K., 2011. Development of singlet oxygen absorption capacity (SOAC) assay method. 2. Measurements of the SOAC values for carotenoids and food extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 3717–29. doi:10.1021/jf104955a .
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  • CAS
    7488-99-5, 432-70-2
    Links to other DB
    KEGG COMPOUND: C05433
    KNApSAcK: C00003765
    LipidBank: VCA0009
    MassBank: CA000116
    ProCarDB: C1725

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