Carotenoids obi
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   CA00061  (all-E)-Phytoene
  • Colorless carotenoid (Ref.585).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 3

    •    CA00051  ζ-Carotene
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 7

    •    CA00884  Mycorradicin
  • The so-called yellow pigment responsible for the long-known yellow discoloration of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonized roots (Ref.594).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 7

    •    CA01073  Heteranthin
  • Yellow color - absorption maxima at 237, 283, 323, 359, and 405nm (Ref.477).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 7

    •    CA00624  Flavoxanthin
  • Orange color of calendula petals (Ref.493).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 8

    •    CA00629  Flavochrome
  • Lemon yellow color (Ref.430).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 8

    •    CA00002  4,4'-Diaponeurosporene
  • Deep-yellow color (Ref.508).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00397  Mutatochrome
  • Lemon yellow color. (Ref.430).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00416  Violaxanthin
  • Pale yellow color (Ref.779)
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00519  Fucoxanthin
  • Brown/Orange color (Ref.415).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00627  Lutein epoxide
  • Yellow pigment (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00682  Tunaxanthin F
  • Yellow pigment (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00692  Tunaxanthin
  • Bright yellow color (Ref.520).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00741  Mytiloxanthin
  • Red color (Ref.589).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00889  Crocetin
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00898  Crocin
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.452, Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA01074  Ditaxanthin
  • Orange color - absorption maxima at 227, 280, 322, 396, 418, and 459nm (Ref.477).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 9

    •    CA00021  Staphyloxanthin
  • Orange color (Ref.508).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 10

    •    CA00298  δ-Carotene
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 10

    •    CA00593  α-Cryptoxanthin
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 10

    •    CA00597  Lutein
  • Food coloring. (Ref.468)
  • Yellowish green/brown color (Ref.415, Ref.430).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 10

    •    CA00832  β-Citraurin
  • Orange-reddish color of oranges and mandarins' peels (Ref.475).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 10

    •    CA00043  Lycopene
  • Bright pink/Brick red color (Ref.430).
  • Orange-red food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00044  Prolycopene
  • Bright pink color (Ref.430).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00191  γ-Carotene
  • Pinkish-brown color (Ref.430).
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00198  Rubixanthin
  • Food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00309  β-Carotene
  • Brownish yellow color (Ref.430).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00322  β-Cryptoxanthin
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00328  Zeaxanthin
  • Feed additive - yellow coloration, and colorant for birds, swine, and fish (Ref.415).
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00390  Physalien
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00739  Capsanthin
  • Orange red-food coloring, and flavouring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00893  Norbixin
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA01025  Tobiraxanthin A1
  • Tobiraxanthin A shows strong activity to quench singlet oxygen induced by sunlight, and the red color of the seed acts as an attractant for birds to eat seeds to disperse them. (Ref.779)
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA01026  Tobiraxanthin A2
  • Tobiraxanthin A shows strong activity to quench singlet oxygen induced by sunlight, and the red color of the seed acts as an attractant for birds to eat seeds to disperse them. (Ref.779)
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA01027  Tobiraxanthin A3
  • Tobiraxanthin A shows strong activity to quench singlet oxygen induced by sunlight, and the red color of the seed acts as an attractant for birds to eat seeds to disperse them. (Ref.779)
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 11

    •    CA00157  Rhodobacterioxanthin
  • Naturally occuring purple color (Ref.352).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 12

    •    CA00013  4,4'-Diapolycopenedial
  • Dark-reddish purple color (Ref.535).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 13

    •    CA00471  Canthaxanthin
  • Coloration in cosmetic and food - peach to reddish orange color (Ref.415).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 13

    •    CA00502  (3S,3'S)-Astaxanthin
  • Strong coloring agent - deep red (Ref.413, Ref.415).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 13

    •    CA01208  Piprixanthin
  • A bright yellow pigment found in the red feathers of the Pin-tailed Manakin: Ilicura militaris and other songbirds (Ref.652).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 13

    •    CA00466  Rhodoxanthin
  • Coloring material for food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Ref.468).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 14

    •    CA00169  Phillipsiaxanthin
  • Deep purple color (Ref.585).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 15

    •    CA00569  Violerythrin
  • Blue/Colorless color (Ref.495).
  • Number of conjugated double bonds: 15

  • Ref.508 : Wieland B, Feil C, Gloria-Maercker E, Thumm G, Lechner M, Bravo JM, Poralla K, Götz F., J Bacteriol. 1994 Dec;176(24):7719-26., PMID: 8002598, "Genetic and biochemical analyses of the biosynthesis of the yellow carotenoid 4,4'-diaponeurosporene of Staphylococcus aureus.".
  • Ref.535 : Tao L, Schenzle A, Odom JM, Cheng Q., Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jun;71(6):3294-301., "Novel carotenoid oxidase involved in biosynthesis of 4,4'-diapolycopene dialdehyde.".
  • Ref.468 : Gerard P. Moss, Herbert Baxter, J.B. Harborne, Gerald P. Moss, CRC Press; 1 edition (February 15, 1993), ISBN-10: 0850667364, ISBN-13: 978-0850667363, "Phytochemical Dictionary: A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants".
  • Ref.430 : T. W. GOODWIN, Biochem J. 1954 Sep;58(1):90-4., "Studies in carotenogenesis. 13. The carotenoids of the flower petals of Calendula officinalis.".
  • Ref.585 : Pyung Cheon Lee, Abu Zafar Ruhul Momen, Benjamin N. Mijts, and Claudia Schmidt-Dannert, Chemistry & Biology, Vol. 10, 453–462, May, 2003, 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI 10.1016/S1074-5521(03)00103-0, "Biosynthesis of Structurally Novel Carotenoids in Escherichia coli".
  • Ref.352 : Maoka, Takashi; Mochida, Kooichi; Okuda, Yoko; Ito, Yoshihiro; Fujiwara, Yasuhiro, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin (1997), 45(7), 1225-1227., "A novel purple carotenoid, rhodobacterioxanthin, from Rhodobacter capsulatus".
  • Ref.477 : Marıa D. Mendez-Robles, Herry H. Permady, Marıa E. Jaramillo-Flores, Eugenia C. Lugo-Cervantes, Anaberta Cardador-Martınez, Alejandro A. Canales-Aguirre, Fernando Lopez-Dellamary, Carlos M. Cerda-Garcı´a-Rojas, and Joaquın Tamariz, J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 1140-1144, "C-26 and C-30 Apocarotenoids from Seeds of Ditaxis heterantha with Antioxidant Activity and Protection against DNA Oxidative Damage".
  • Ref.415 : Takuji Tanaka, Masahito Shnimizu, and Hisataka Moriwaki, Molecules 2012, 17, 3202-3242; doi:10.3390/molecules17033202, "Cancer Chemoprevention by Carotenoids".
  • Ref.413 : Martin Guerin, Mark E Huntley, Miguel Olaizola, Trends in Biotechnology Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2003, Pages 210–216, "Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition".
  • Ref.495 : Synnove Liaaen-Jensen, and Geir Kildahl-Andersen, ARKIVOC 2008 (vi) 5-25, "Blue carotenoids".
  • Ref.779 : Takashi Maoka, Journal of Natural Medicines ISSN 1340-3443 Volume 74 Number 1 J Nat Med (2020) 74:1-16, “Carotenoids as natural functional pigments”, DOI 10.1007/s11418-019-01364-x.
  • Ref.493 : Anne-Laure Gagez, Valérie Thiery, Virginie Pasquet, Jean-Paul Cadoret, and Laurent Picot, Current Bioactive Compounds 2012, 8, 000-000, "Epoxycarotenoids and Cancer. Review".
  • Ref.520 : Takashi Maoka, Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 278-293; doi:10.3390/md9020278, "Carotenoids in Marine Animals".
  • Ref.652 : Jocelyn Hudon, Marina Anciães, Vittorio Bertacche, and Riccardo Stradi, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Volume 147, Issue 3, July 2007, Pages 402-411, "Plumage carotenoids of the Pin-tailed Manakin (Ilicura militaris): Evidence for the endogenous production of rhodoxanthin from a colour variant", https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.02.004.
  • Ref.589 : Takashi MAOKA and Yasuhiro FUJIWARA, J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc. Vol. 45, No. 7 (1996), "Absolute Configurations of Mytiloxanthin and 9-E-Mytiloxanthin" .
  • Ref.475 : Rodrigo MJ, Alquézar B, Alós E, Medina V, Carmona L, Bruno M, Al-Babili S, Zacarías L., J Exp Bot. 2013 Nov;64(14):4461-78. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert260. Epub 2013 Sep 4., "A novel carotenoid cleavage activity involved in the biosynthesis of Citrus fruit-specific apocarotenoid pigments.".
  • Ref.452 : Saori Higashino, Yasuto Sasaki1, John C. Giddings, Kanae Hyodo, Shigeko Fujimoto Sakata, Koichi Matsuda, Yoko Horikawa, and Junichiro Yamamoto, Phytotherapy Research Volume 28, Issue 9, pages 1315–1319, September 2014, "Crocetin, a Carotenoid from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Protects against Hypertension and Cerebral Thrombogenesis in Stroke-prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats".
  • Ref.594 : Kohki AKIYAMA, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 71:6, 1405-1414, DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70023, "Chemical Identification and Functional Analysis of Apocarotenoids Involved in the Development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis".
    • Since June 15, 2015 by Junko Yabuzaki.