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Entry
CA00597                                                            
Classification
Carotenoid Name
Lutein;
Lutein A
IUPAC name (3R,3'R,6'R)-beta,epsilon-Carotene-3,3'-diol
Formula
C40H56O2
Molecular Weight 
568.848 g/mol
Structure      Search similar carotenoids

Mol file
Carotenoid DB Fingerprints 
Biological functions/Properties 
  • Photosynthetic pigment in higher plants (Ref.415, Ref.503).
  • Photoprotective activity - protective against UV light irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation (Ref.488).
  • Anti-photosensitizing agent - blue light filter (Ref.415).
  • Xanthophyll cycle pigment (Ref.470).
  • Participates in the loroxanthin/lutein interconversion (Ref.626).
  • Anticarcinogenic activity - stronger than that of β-carotene (Ref.411, Ref.414, Ref.491).
  • An antioxidant - 85.4 times stronger singlet oxygen quenching ability than that ofα-tocopherol - SOAC value: 85.4 (Ref.616, Ref.597, Ref.598, Ref.599, Ref.415).
  • Lutein levels in the mitochondrial membrane are inversely associated with fatty acid oxidation in the primate brain, indicating a potential protective role of lutein in brain pathology associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (Ref.782).
  • Inhibits NF-KB dependent inflammatory gene expressions (Ref.460).
  • Anti-aging activity (Ref.782).
  • Antidiabetes (Ref.782).
  • Benefits in brain development and potential protective effects against neurodegeneration (Ref.782).
  • Lutein treatment may prevent uncontrolled autophagic degradation of brain cells (Ref.782).
  • Possibly improve memory scores, rate of learning, and verbal fluency scores in combination with DHA (Ref.519).
  • Treatment with fucoxanthin improves cognitive and motor function in animals challenged by neurodegeneration and ischemic insults (Ref.782).
  • Anti-apoptic agent - preventing loss of Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, preventing accumulation of Bax, preventing accumulation or release of Cytochrome C, and preventing accumulation or activation of Caspase 3 (Ref.782). Fucoxanthin potentially binds directly to amyloid-β, preventing formation of pathological amyloid-beta fibril (Ref.782).
  • Food coloring. (Ref.468)
  • Yellowish green/brown color (Ref.415, Ref.430).
  • Found in human skin throughout the epidermis, dermis, and also the subcutaneous (Ref.753).
  • Non-Provitamin A (Ref.408).
    • Number of
    conjugated double bonds 
    10
    Number of
    conjugated multiple bonds 
    10
    Isomers 
    InChI

    InChIKey

    Canonical SMILES

    XLogP
    11.283
    Hydrogen Bond donors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    2
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    2
    LipinskiFailures
    1
    Complexity of molecule
    0.306
    Number of heavy atoms
    42
    TPSA
    (Topological Polar Surface Area) 
    40.460 Å2
    Reaction
  • Substrate: CR00058,  CR00062,  CR00063,  CR00092,  CR00093,  CR00105,  CR00108,  CR00149,  CR00164,  CR00195,  CR00231,  CR00410,  CR00412,  CR00413
  • Product: CR00197,  CR00200
    • Pathway
  • Pathway: CB000032,  CB000033,  CB000034,  CB000039,  CB000146,  CB000065,  CB000066,  CB000130,  CB000132
    • Major carotenoid information
    Dominant pigment in chlorophytes, chlorarachniophytes, prasinophytes (Ref.707) and in land plants (Ref.732). Major carotenoid found in human serum (Ref.724), human milk. (Ref.722), and in the plasma of a bird magpie nestlings (bird) (Ref.725). Major in a variety of fruits: acerola, green and red apple, apricot, banana, grapes, mango, papaya (Ref.714), Japanese citrus fruit ponkan mandarin (Ref.723), and Brazilian Valencia orange juice (Ref.711). Major in a variety of vegitables: broccoli, brussels sprouts, carrot, cauliflower, chicory, corn, dandelion, garden rocket, kale, lettuce, and spinach (Ref.714). Major in Chrysanthemum flower (Ref.736).
    Minor carotenoid information
    Minor in mesostigmatophytes (Ref.707).
    Source organisms
    Micrococcus luteus (Ref.608) - Actinobacteria: normal inhabitant of human, same as Micrococcus lysodeikticus (Actinobacteria - Micrococcaceae)
    Scinaia confusa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Scinaia latifrons (Ref.10) - Red alga: Nemaliales (Rhodophyta - Scinaiaceae)
    Rhodymenia palmata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Palmariales (Rhodophyta - Palmariaceae)
    Fauchea galapagensis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta - Faucheaceae)
    Rhodymenia californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta - Rhodymeniaceae)
    Bangia alropurpurea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra perforata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra thuretii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Bangia fuscopurpurea (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Gigartina stellata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus volans (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Iridaea chordata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella leptorhynchus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus exasperatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus spinosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus harveyanus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus corymbiferus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella affinis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella flaccida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Callophyllis pinnata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Kallymeniaceae)
    Mastocarpus papillatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Phyllophoraceae)
    Eucheuma uncinatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Solieriaceae)
    Grateloupia setchelii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis lyalii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Halymenia hollenbergii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis cornea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Plocamium violaceae (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Plocamium cartilagineum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales (Rhodophyta - Bonnemaisoniaceae)
    Antithamnion plumula (Ref.11) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Centroceras clavulatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ceramium rubrum (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Microcladia coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota densa (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Neoptilota hypnoides (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ptilota filicina (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Phycodrys amplissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Cryptopleura farlowiana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Asterocolax gardner (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Acrosorium ciliolatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Cryptopleura lobulifera (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Polyneura latissima (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Laurencia gardneri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia pacifica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia hendryi (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Pterocladia capillacea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium johnstonii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium pusillum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium robustum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Pterocladia lucida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Opuntiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Chlamydomonas parkeae (Ref.15) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular marine flagellate (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ref.12, Ref.13, Ref.14) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Tetracystis aplanosporum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis intermidium (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis tetrasporum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Tetracystis sp. (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Ettlia carotinosa (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Protosiphon botryoides (Ref.16, Ref.17) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Chlorococcum citriforme (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Neospongiococcum gelatinosum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Dunaliella salina (Ref.606) - Green alga: Dunaliellaceae (Chlorophyta - Dunaliellaceae)
    Chlorella zofingiensis (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Chromochloridaceae)
    Neochloris wimmeri  - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Neochloridaceae)
    Muriella aurantiaca (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Pseudomuriellaceae)
    Scotiellopsis oocystiformis (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Coelastrum proboscideum (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Chlorella fusca (Ref.18) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Scenedesmaceae)
    Ankistrodesmus spp. (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Selenastraceae)
    Microdictyon boergesenii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Anadyomenaceae)
    Basicladia sp. (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Chaetomorpha okamurae (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora horii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora kosterae (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Aegagrophila linnaei (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Chaetomorpha crassa (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora conchopheria (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora albida (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora coelothrix (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora japonica (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora pellucida (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora sericea (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora vagabunda (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora ohkuboana (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora glomerata (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Rhizoclonium grande (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Pithophora sp. (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Wittrockiella lyallii (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Wittrockiella paradoxa (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Pithophoraceae)
    Cladophoropsis vaucheriaeformis (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Cladophoropsis fasciculatus (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Cladophoropsis membranacea (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Siphonocladus tropicus (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Pleurastrum paucicellulare (Ref.16) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Ulotrichales incertae sedis)
    Tetraselmis suecica (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis tetrathele (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis wettsteinii (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis sp. (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis chui (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis marina (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis rubens (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Tetraselmis subcordiformis (Ref.48) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Oedogonium cardiacum (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oedogoniales)
    Chara gymnophylla (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara tomentosa (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara contraria (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara hispida (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara rudis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara globularis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara intermedia (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara polyacantha (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara aspera (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara foetida (Ref.16) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara vulgaris (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Nitella opaca (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Mantoniella squamata (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Mamiellaceae)
    Nephroselmis olivace (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Nephroselmis rotunda (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Prasinococcus capsulatus (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Prasinococcales)
    Pyramimonas amylifera (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte same as Polyblepharides amylifera (Chlorophyta - Pyramimonadales)
    Pyramimonas parkeae (Ref.48) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pyramimonadales)
    Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Ref.21) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorellaceae)
    Muriellopsis sp. (Ref.18) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oocystaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii (Ref.19) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii Kawaguchi-1 (Ref.231) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Muriella decolor (Ref.18) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Trebouxiophyceaeincertae sedis)
    Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Ref.673) - Alga: Green dinoflagellate, same as Gymnodinium chlorophorum ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Spinacia oleracea L. (Ref.601) - Land plant: spinach (Streptophyta - Chenopodiaceae)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (Ref.762) - Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism (Streptophyta - Brassicaceae)
    Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum (Ref.283) - Land plant: yellow paprika (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Coffea canephora (Ref.323, Ref.324) - Land plant: robusta coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Coffea arabica (Ref.323, Ref.324) - Land plant: arabica coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Averrhoa carambola (Ref.281) - Land plant: starfruit (Streptophyta - Oxalidaceae)
    Malus domestica (Ref.492) - Land plant: Rosaceae: peel and flesh of apple fruits (Streptophyta - Rosaceae)
    Bixa orellana (Ref.764) - Land plant: Bixaceae (Streptophyta - Bixaceae)
    Aesculus hippocastanum (Ref.781) - Land plant: pollens of European horse chestnut (Streptophyta - Sapindaceae)
    Boronia megastigma (Ref.297) - Land plant: brown boronia (Streptophyta - Rutaceae)
    Citrus reticulata (Ref.292) - Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine (Streptophyta - Rutaceae)
    Calendula officinalis (Ref.430) - Land plant: common marigold (Streptophyta - Asteraceae)
    Protousnea sp. (Ref.388) - Fungi: lichen (Ascomycota - Lecanorineae)
    Cladonia sp. (Ref.609) - Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes (Ascomycota - Cladoniaceae)
    Galleria mellonella (Ref.558) - Insect: greater wax moth (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Pyralidae)
    Corbicula clams (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula japonica (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula sandai (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Fusinus perplexus (Ref.442) - Shellfish: univalve shell (Mollusca - Fasciolariidae)
    Carassius auratus (Ref.365) - Bony fish: gold fish (Chordata - Cyprinidae)
    Salvelinus alpinus (Ref.440) - Bony fish: arctic char (Chordata - Salmonidae)
    Rana temporaria (Ref.420) - Common frog (Chordata - Ranidae)
    Rhacophorus bipunctatus (Ref.421) - Himalaya flying frog (Chordata - Rhacophoridae)
    Gallus gallus (Ref.219) - Bird: chicken (Chordata - Phasianidae)
    Homo sapiens (Ref.407, Ref.196) - Mammal: Human (Chordata - Hominidae)
    References
  • Ref.608: GILBY AR. , Nature. 1958 Jul 5;182(4627):55-6., PMID: 13566177, “Lutein in a bacterial membrane.”.
  • Ref.9: T. Bjoernland and M. Aguilar-Martinez, Phytochemistry, 1976, Vol.15 pp.291-296, "Carotenoids in red algae".
  • Ref.10: N. Schubert, E. Garcia-Mendoza, and I. Pachecho-Ruiz, J. Phycol. 42, 1208-1216 (2006) "Carotenoid composition of marine red algae".
  • Ref.11: T. Bjornland, G. Borch, and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochemistry, Vol. 23, No 8, pp.1711-1715, 1984. "Configurational studies on red algae carotenoids".
  • Ref.12: N.I. Krinsky and R. P. Levine, Plant Physiol. Jul 1964; 39(4): 680–687. "Carotenoids of Wild Type and Mutant Strains of the Green Alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardi".
  • Ref.13: PMID: 1190948: Francis GW, Strand LP, Lien T, Knutsen G., Arch Microbiol. 1975 Aug 28;104(3):249-54. "Variations in the Carotenoid Content of Chlamydomonas reinhardii throughout the Cell cycle".
  • Ref.14: S. Tkaichi, and M. Mimuro, Plant Cell Physiol. 39(9): 968-977 (1998) "Distribution and Geometric Isomerism of Neoxanthin in Oxygenic Phototrophs: 9'-Cis, a Sole Molecular Form".
  • Ref.15: T. Sasa, S. Suda, M. M. Watanabe, S. Takaichi, Plant Cell Physiol. 33(5): 527-534(1992) "A novel carotenoid ester, Loroxanthin dodecenoate, from Pyramimonas parkeae (Prasinophyceae) and Chlorarachniophycean alga".
  • Ref.606: K.N. Chidambara Murthy, A. Vanitha, J. Rajesha, M. Mahadeva Swamy, P.R. Sowmya, Gokare A. Ravishankar, Life Sciences 76 (2005) 1381 – 1390, "In vivo antioxidant activity of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina — a green microalga".
  • Ref.16: M. Orosa, E. Torres, P. Fidalgo, J. Abalde, Journal of Applied Phycology, October 2000, Volume 12, Issue 3-5, pp 553-556 "Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae".
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    • CAS
    127-40-2
    Links to other DB
    KEGG COMPOUND: C08601
    KNApSAcK: C00003776
    LipidBank: VCA0016

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