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Entry
CA00328                                                            
Classification
Carotenoid Name
Zeaxanthin;
(3R,3'R)-Zeaxanthin
IUPAC name (3R,3'R)-beta,beta-Carotene-3,3'-diol
Formula
C40H56O2
Molecular Weight 
568.848 g/mol
Structure      Search similar carotenoids

Mol file
Carotenoid DB Fingerprints 
Biological functions/Properties 
  • Anticarcinogenic activity - stronger than β-carotene (Ref.414, Ref.491).
  • Anti-amyloid aggregation activity similar to cryptocapsin-5,6-epoxide (Half maximal inhibitory concentration = 2.29μM) (Ref.765).
  • Photosynthetic pigment in higher plants (Ref.415, Ref.428, Ref.503).
  • Present in some red algae of the LHC of PSI (Ref.526).
  • Photoprotective activity - protective against UV light irradiation-induced lipid peroxidation (Ref.488, Ref.428).
  • Anti-photosensitizing agent - blue light filter (Ref.415).
  • Xanthophyll cycle pigment.
  • An antioxidant - 91.2 times stronger singlet oxygen quenching ability than that of α-tocopherol - SOAC value: 91.2 (Ref.616, Ref.597, Ref.598, Ref.599, Ref.415).
  • Eye protection from oxidative stress which leads to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts (Ref.415).
  • Anti-apoptic agent - preventing accumulation or activation of Caspase 3 (Ref.782).
  • Feed additive - yellow coloration, and colorant for birds, swine, and fish (Ref.415).
  • Found in human skin throughout the epidermis, dermis, and also the subcutaneous (Ref.753).
  • Yellow food coloring (Ref.468).
  • Non-provitamin A. (Ref.408. Ref.415)
  • Membrane stabilizer in chloroplasts - decreases the membrane fluidity, increases the membrane thermostability, and lowers susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (Ref.498).
    • Number of
    conjugated double bonds 
    11
    Number of
    conjugated multiple bonds 
    11
    Isomers 
    InChI

    InChIKey

    Canonical SMILES

    XLogP
    10.564
    Hydrogen Bond donors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    2
    Hydrogen Bond Acceptors
    (Lipinski's definition)
    2
    LipinskiFailures
    1
    Complexity of molecule
    0.306
    Number of heavy atoms
    42
    TPSA
    (Topological Polar Surface Area) 
    40.460 Å2
    Reaction
  • Substrate: CR00037,  CR00052,  CR00056,  CR00059,  CR00085,  CR00104,  CR00143,  CR00158,  CR00453,  CR00182,  CR00239,  CR00299,  CR00397
  • Product: CR00107,  CR00167,  CR00454,  CR00459,  CR00190,  CR00238
    • Pathway
    Major carotenoid information
    Dominant pigment in cyanobacteria e.g. Synechococcus spp. and Prochlorococcus marinus (Ref.732), chrysophytes, eustigmatophytes, pelagophytes, rhodophytes, dinoflagellates (Ref.707), and Erythrobacter longus (Ref.756). Major carotenoid found in human milk (Ref.722) and in the plasma of a bird magpie nestlings (Ref.725). Major in a variety of fruits: green and red apple, apricot, mango, papaya, and peach (Ref.714), and Brazilian Valencia orange juice (Ref.711). Also major in a variety of vegitables: chicory, corn, dandelion, garden rocket, and spinach (Ref.714). Major in red seaweeds (Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Grateloupia asiatica, and Grateloupia livida) (Ref.712).
    Minor carotenoid information
    Minor in pinguiophytes, raphidophytes, chlorarachniophytes, chlorophytes, prasinophytes and trebouxiophytes. Occasional in dictyochophytes and dinoflagellates (Ref.707).; Minor carotenoid in Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 (Ref.756).
    Source organisms
    Sphingobacteriaceae sp. (Ref.165) - Bacteroidetes (Bacteroidetes - Sphingobacteriales)
    Thermus thermophilus (Ref.435) - Deinococcus-Thermus: Thermophilic bacterium (Deinococci - Thermaceae)
    Thermus filiformis (Ref.389) - Deinococcus-Thermus (Deinococci - Thermaceae)
    Sphingomonadaceae sp. (Ref.165) - Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a (Alphaproteobacteria - Sphingomonadaceae)
    Erythrobacter flavus strain KJ5 (Ref.756) - A yellowish marine bacterium that was isolated from a hard coral Acropora nasuta in the Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. (Alphaproteobacteria - Erythrobacteraceae)
    Erythrobacter longus (Ref.364) - Alphaproteobacteria: marine anoxygenic phototroph with BChl a (Alphaproteobacteria - Erythrobacteraceae)
    Erythrobacter nanhaesediminis (Ref.756) - Gram-negative, rod-shaped and slightly halophilic bacteria from the genus of Erythrobacter which has been isolated from sediment from the South China Sea. (Alphaproteobacteria - Erythrobacteraceae)
    Halomicronema hongdechloris (Ref.678) - A Chl f-containing filamentous cyanobacterium purified from stromatolites of Shark Bay, Wes-tern Australia. "hong-de-chloris" represents "red chlorophyll" in Chinese. (Ref.678) (Cyanobacteria - Leptolyngbyaceae)
    Prochloron sp. (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus (Ref.273) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1986 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 1375 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorococcus marinus strain CCMP 2773 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Prochloraceae)
    Prochlorothrix hollandica strain PCC 9006 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: filamentous oxygenic photoautotrophic procaryotes containing chlorophylls a and b. (Cyanobacteria - Pseudanabaenaceae)
    Acaryochloris marina strain MBIC 11017 (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: symbiotic species Unicellular Cyanobacterium, an epiphyte on red alga (Cyanobacteria - Acaryochloridaceae)
    Acaryochloris sp. strain Awaji (Ref.274) - Cyanobacteria: an epiphyte on red alga (Cyanobacteria - Acaryochloridaceae)
    Synechocystis sp. (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Merismopediaceae)
    Merismopedia punctata (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: colony square or rectangular (Cyanobacteria - Merismopediaceae)
    Calothrix parietina (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: a hair-forming cyanobacteria rom an upland stream (Cyanobacteria - Rivulariaceae)
    Synechococcus elongatus (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: freshwater unicellular cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Anacystis nidulans (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Synechococcus leopoliensis (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Synechococcaceae)
    Arthrospira sp. (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Microcoleus vaginatus (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Oscillantoria rubescens (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix rubescens (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Oscillatoria agardhii (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: other name is Planktothrix agardhii (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Planktothrix agardhii (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcoleaceae)
    Microcystis aeruginosa (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Microcystaceae)
    Coccochloris elabens (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Aphanothecaceae)
    Aphanizomenon gracile (Ref.8) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Aphanizomenonaceae)
    Mastigocladus laminosus (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Hapalosiphonaceae)
    Anabaena aerulosa oscillatorioides (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Anabaena cylindrica (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria: a nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Anabaena variabilis (Ref.1, Ref.5) - Cyanobacteria: filamentous cyanobacterium (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Nostoc commune (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: star jelly, witch's butter, mare's eggs, fah-tsai and facai, eaten as a salad (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 (Ref.72) - Cyanobacteria: same as Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (Cyanobacteria - Nostocaceae)
    Oscillatoria amoena (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Oscillatoria limosa (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium ectocarpi (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium foveolarum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium lucidum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Phormidium percicinum (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria - Oscillatoriaceae)
    Tolypothrix tenuis (Ref.1) - Cyanobacteria: filaments repeated single false branched forming cyanobacteria, yellow-brown colored (Cyanobacteria - Tolypothrichaceae)
    Cyanophora paradoxa (Ref.55) - Glaucophyte: a freshwater species ((Glaucocystophyceae) - Cyanophoraceae)
    Glaucocystis nostochinearum (Ref.55) - Glaucophyte: Glaucocystophyceae ((Glaucocystophyceae) - Glaucocystaceae)
    Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Ref.63) - Red alga: Cyanidiaceae, unicellular haploid red alga adapted to high sulfur acidic hot spring environments (Rhodophyta - Cyanidiaceae)
    Porphyridium aerugineum (Ref.55) - Red alga: Porphyridiaceae, unicellular alga (Rhodophyta - Porphyridiaceae)
    Porphyridium cruentum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Porphyridiaceae, unicellular alga (Rhodophyta - Porphyridiaceae)
    Bangia alropurpurea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra perforata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Porphyra thuretii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Bangia fuscopurpurea (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bangiaceae (Rhodophyta - Bangiaceae)
    Gigartina stellata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus volans (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella accida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Iridaea chordata (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella leptorhynchus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus canaliculatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus exasperatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus spinosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus harveyanus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Chondracanthus corymbiferus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mazzaella affinis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinaceae)
    Mastocarpus papillatus (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Phyllophoraceae)
    Eucheuma uncinatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Solieriaceae)
    Grateloupia setchelii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis lyalii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Prionitis cornea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Halymeniales (Rhodophyta - Halymeniaceae)
    Plocamium violaceae (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Plocamium cartilagineum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Plocamiales (Rhodophyta - Plocamiaceae)
    Bonnemaisonia hamifera (Ref.9) - Red alga: Bonnemaisoniales (Rhodophyta - Bonnemaisoniaceae)
    Antithamnion plumula (Ref.11) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ptilota licina (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Centroceras clavulatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Ceramium rubrum (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Microcladia coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Ceramiaceae)
    Cryptopleura farlowiana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Acrosorium ciliolatum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Delesseriaceae)
    Polysiphonia brodiae (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Laurencia gardneri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Osmundea spectabilis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia pacifica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia urceolata (Ref.9) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Polysiphonia hendryi (Ref.10) - Red alga: Ceramiales (Rhodophyta - Rhodomelaceae)
    Bossiella orbignyana (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Corallina officinalis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Corallina vancouverensis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Jania tenella (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Bossiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Calliarthron tuberculosum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Corallinales (Rhodophyta - Corallinaceae)
    Pterocladia capillacea (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium johnstonii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium pusillum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium coulteri (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gelidium robustum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Pterocladia lucida (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gelidiales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Opuntiella californica (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gigartinales)
    Gracilaria textorii (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gracilariaceae)
    Gracilaria gracilis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gracilariaceae)
    Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Ref.10) - Red alga: Gigartinales (Rhodophyta - Gracilariaceae)
    Smithora naiadum (Ref.10) - Red alga: Compsopogonophyceae (Rhodophyta - Erythropeltidaceae)
    Asterocytis ramosa (Ref.55) - Red alga: Compsopogonophyceae (Rhodophyta - Goniotrichaceae)
    Chlamydomonas parkeae (Ref.15) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular marine flagellate (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ref.12, Ref.13, Ref.14) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales, unicellular green alga (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadaceae)
    Protosiphon botryoides (Ref.16, Ref.17) - Green alga: Chlamydomonadales (Chlorophyta - Chlamydomonadales)
    Ankistrodesmus spp. (Ref.16) - Green alga: Scenedesmaceae (Chlorophyta - Selenastraceae)
    Chaetomorpha crassa (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora japonica (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophora ohkuboana (Ref.24) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Cladophoraceae)
    Cladophoropsis vaucheriaeformis (Ref.24) - Green alga: Siphonocladaceae (Chlorophyta - Siphonocladaceae)
    Pleurastrum paucicellulare (Ref.16) - Green alga: Ulvophyceae (Chlorophyta - Ulotrichales incertae sedis)
    Tetraselmis sp. (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Chlorodendraceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorodendraceae)
    Oedogonium cardiacum (Ref.16) - Green alga: Chlorophyceae (Chlorophyta - Oedogoniales)
    Chara gymnophylla (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara tomentosa (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara contraria (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara hispida (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara rudis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara globularis (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara intermedia (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara polyacantha (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara aspera (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara foetida (Ref.16) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Chara vulgaris (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Nitella opaca (Ref.25) - Green plants: Charophyceae (Streptophyta - Characeae)
    Nephroselmis olivace (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Nephroselmis rotunda (Ref.46, Ref.47) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Nephroselmis pyriformis (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Nephroselmidophyceae)
    Prasinococcus capsulatus (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Prasinococcales)
    Pycnococcus provasolii (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte (Chlorophyta - Pycnococcaceae)
    Pyramimonas amylifera (Ref.46) - Green alga: Prasinophyte same as Polyblepharides amylifera (Chlorophyta - Pyramimonadales)
    Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Ref.21) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Chlorellaceae)
    Botryococcus braunii (Ref.19) - Green alga: Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta - Botryococcaceae)
    Cryptomonas ovata (Ref.26) - Alga: Cryptomonad (Cryptophyta - Cryptomonadaceae)
    Euglena gracilis var. bacillarus (Ref.41) - Alga: Euglena (Euglenida - Euglenaceae)
    Ochromonas sp. (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Chrysophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Chromulinaceae)
    Chromulina ochromonoides (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Chrysophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Chromulinaceae)
    Poterioochromonas malhamensis (Ref.30) - Golden alga: Synurophyceae ((Stramenopiles) - Ochromonadaceae)
    Olisthodiscus luteus (Ref.30) - Alga: unclassified stramenopiles ((Stramenopiles) - Unclassified stramenopiles)
    Ascophyllum nodosum (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Fucus serratus (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Fucus vesiculosus (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Pelvetia canaliculata (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Fucaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Fucaceae)
    Laminaria saccharina (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Laminariaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Laminariaceae)
    Laminaria digitata (Ref.53) - Brown alga: Laminariaceae ((Phaeophyceae) - Laminariaceae)
    Nannochloropsis oculata (Ref.27, Ref.28) - Alga: Eustigmatophyceae ((Eustigmatophyceae) - Monodopsidaceae)
    Nannochloropsis salina (Ref.27, Ref.28) - Alga: Eustigmatophyceae ((Eustigmatophyceae) - Monodopsidaceae)
    Nannochloropsis gaditana (Ref.28) - Alga: Eustigmatophyceae ((Eustigmatophyceae) - Monodopsidaceae)
    Chattonella japonica (Ref.35) - Alga: Raphidophyceae ((Raphidophyceae) - Chattonellaceae)
    Lepidodinium chlorophorum (Ref.673) - Alga: Green dinoflagellate, same as Gymnodinium chlorophorum ((Alveolata) - Gymnodiniaceae)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (Ref.762) - Land plant: thale-cress, a model organism (Streptophyta - Brassicaceae)
    Capsicum annuum var. lycopersiciforme flavum (Ref.283) - Land plant: yellow paprika (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Lycium barbarum (Ref.692) - Land plant: goji berry, wolfberry, Duke of Argyll's teatree, Lycium barbarum L. (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Lycium chinense (Ref.692) - Land plant: goji berry, Chinese boxthorn, Chinese wolfberry, kuko, gou qi, same as Lycium chinense Mill., 1768 (Streptophyta - Solanaceae)
    Passiflora edulis (Ref.693) - Land plant: yellow passion fruit (Streptophyta - Passifloraceae)
    Coffea canephora (Ref.324) - Land plant: robusta coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Coffea arabica (Ref.324) - Land plant: arabica coffee (Streptophyta - Rubiaceae)
    Diospyros kaki (Ref.282) - Land plant: kaki persimmon (Streptophyta - Ebenaceae)
    Bixa orellana (Ref.764) - Land plant: Bixaceae (Streptophyta - Bixaceae)
    Mangifera indica (Ref.284) - Land plant: mango (Streptophyta - Anacardiaceae)
    Boronia megastigma (Ref.297) - Land plant: brown boronia (Streptophyta - Rutaceae)
    Citrus reticulata (Ref.292) - Land plant: mandarin orange, tangerine (Streptophyta - Rutaceae)
    Aiphanes aculeata (Ref.765) - Land plant: Aiphanes aculeata Willd., Aiphanes horrida is a palm native to northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. The fruit are rich in carotene and are eaten in Colombia, while the seeds are used to make candles. (Streptophyta - Arecaceae)
    Protousnea sp. (Ref.388) - Fungi: lichen (Ascomycota - Lecanorineae)
    Cladonia sp. (Ref.609) - Fungi: lichen, ascomycetes (Ascomycota - Cladoniaceae)
    Galleria mellonella (Ref.558) - Insect: greater wax moth (Arthropoda (Insecta) - Pyralidae)
    Corbicula clams (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula japonica (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Corbicula sandai (Ref.221) - Shellfish: bivalve (Mollusca - Corbiculidae)
    Fusinus perplexus (Ref.442) - Shellfish: univalve shell (Mollusca - Fasciolariidae)
    Clione limacina (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Clionidae)
    Paedoclione doliiformis (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Clionidae)
    Limacina helicina (Ref.635) - gastropods (Mollusca - Limacinidae)
    Agelas schmidtii (Ref.369) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Agelasidae)
    Gelliodes callista (Ref.253) - Sea sponge (Porifera - Niphatiidae)
    Gymnogobius castaneus (Ref.772) - Bony fish: Rosary goby, small goby（4～6 cm body length）that inhabits the middle stretches of rivers, lakes, and lagoons in North Eastern Japan. Its tail fin is bright orange in color. (Chordata - Gobiidae)
    Carassius auratus (Ref.365) - Bony fish: gold fish (Chordata - Cyprinidae)
    Salvelinus alpinus (Ref.440) - Bony fish: arctic char (Chordata - Salmonidae)
    Rhacophorus bipunctatus (Ref.421) - Himalaya flying frog (Chordata - Rhacophoridae)
    Gallus gallus (Ref.219) - Bird: chicken (Chordata - Phasianidae)
    Homo sapiens (Ref.196) - Mammal: Human (Chordata - Hominidae)
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    • CAS
    144-68-3
    Links to other DB
    KEGG COMPOUND: C06098
    KNApSAcK: C00000931
    LipidBank: VCA0007
    MassBank: CA000115
    ProCarDB: C1925

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