 | CA00043 LycopeneAnticarcinogenic activity - by reducing insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulation with an increase in membrane-associated IGF binding proteins, and slow down IGF-1-stimulated cell cycle progression (Ref.408, Ref.414, Ref.415, Ref.491, Ref.695).
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 | CA00322 β-CryptoxanthinAnticarcinogenic activity - stronger than β-carotene, β-caroten-2-ol, and Isocryptoxanthin. C3 group one the β-end group enhanced the activity (Ref.409, Ref.414, Ref.491).
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 | CA00328 ZeaxanthinAnticarcinogenic activity - stronger than β-carotene (Ref.414, Ref.491).
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 | CA00414 NeoxanthinAnticarcinogenic activity - a concentration of 1 microgram/mL was sufficient to avoid the formation of tumors (Ref.493).
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 | CA00416 ViolaxanthinAnticarcinogenic activity - antiproliferative alone, early apoptosis effect in MCF-7 cell (Ref.493).
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 | CA01083 Dinochrome AAnticarcinogenic activity - more effective than peridinin (Ref.494), significant growth-inhibitory activity toward cancer cells. (Ref.569)
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 | CA01084 Dinochrome BAnticarcinogenic activity - more effective than peridinin (Ref.494), significant growth-inhibitory activity toward cancer cells (Ref.569)
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 | CA00519 FucoxanthinAnticarcinogenic activity - induces apoptosis in various cancer cell (Ref.414, Ref.493).
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 | CA01088 Nor-peridinin2Anticarcinogenic activity - moderate antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines such as human BSY-1 (breast), SNB-75 (central nervous system), HCT-116 (colon), NCI-H522 and DMS114(lung), and MKN7 (stomach) (Ref.493).
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 | CA00579 PeridininAnticarcinogenic activity - moderate antiproliferative, moderate cytotoxicity in HeLa cell by activating caspases-8 and -9 (Ref.493, Ref.494).
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 | CA00587 α-CaroteneAnticarcinogenic activity - stronger than β-carotene (Ref.418, Ref.411, Ref.414, Ref.491).
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 | CA00597 LuteinAnticarcinogenic activity - stronger than that of β-carotene (Ref.411, Ref.414, Ref.491).
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 | CA01036 (all-E)-Retinoic acidAnticarcinogenic activity against many target organs including mammary gland, urinary bladder, lung, skin, liver, pancreas, colon and esophagus (Ref.486).
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 | CA00894 BixinAnticarcinogenic activity - inhibit tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells in vitro (Ref.481).
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 | CA00893 NorbixinAnticarcinogenic activity - inhibit tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells in vitro (Ref.481).
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Ref.408 : Jonathan R Mein, Fuzhi Lian, Xiang-Dong Wang, Nutr Rev. 2008 Dec;66(12):667-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00120.x., PMID: 19019036, "Biological activity of lycopene metabolites: implications for cancer prevention".
Ref.414 : Nishino H, Murakosh M, Ii T, Takemura M, Kuchide M, Kanazawa M, Mou XY, Wada S, Masuda M, Ohsaka Y, Yogosawa S, Satomi Y, Jinno K., Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):257-64., "Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention.".
Ref.415 : Takuji Tanaka, Masahito Shnimizu, and Hisataka Moriwaki, Molecules 2012, 17, 3202-3242; doi:10.3390/molecules17033202, "Cancer Chemoprevention by Carotenoids".
Ref.491 : Tsushima M, Maoka T, Katsuyama M, Kozuka M, Matsuno T, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Iwashima A., Biol Pharm Bull. 1995 Feb;18(2):227-33., PMID: 7742789, "Inhibitory effect of natural carotenoids on Epstein-Barr virus activation activity of a tumor promoter in Raji cells. A screening study for anti-tumor promoters.".
Ref.695 : Ford NA, Elsen AC, Zuniga K, Lindshield BL, Erdman JW Jr., Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(2):256-63. "Lycopene and apo-12'-lycopenal reduce cell proliferation and alter cell cycle progression in human prostate cancer cells.", doi: 10.1080/01635581.2011.523494..
Ref.409 : Hoyoku Nishino, Michiaki Murakoshi, Harukuni Tokuda, Yoshiko Satomi, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Volume 483, Issue 2, 15 March 2009, Pages 165–168, "Cancer prevention by carotenoids".
Ref.494 : Takashi MAOKA, Miyuki TSUSHIMA, and Hoyoku NISHINO, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 50(12) 1630—1633 (2002), "Isolation and Characterization of Dinochrome A and B, Anti-carcinogenic Active Carotenoids from the Fresh Water Red Tide Peridinium bipes".
Ref.493 : Anne-Laure Gagez, Valérie Thiery, Virginie Pasquet, Jean-Paul Cadoret, and Laurent Picot, Current Bioactive Compounds 2012, 8, 000-000, "Epoxycarotenoids and Cancer. Review".
Ref.569 : Maoka T, Tsushima M, Nishino H., Chem Pharm Bull 2002;50:1630–3., "Isolation and characterization of dinochrome A and B, anti-carcinogenic active carotenoids from the fresh water red tide, Peridinium bipes.".
Ref.568 : Suzuki M, Watanabe K, Fujiwara S, Kurasawa T, Wakabayashi T, Tsuzuki M, et al., Chem Phrm Bull 2003;51:724–7. "Isolation of peridinin-related norcarotenoids with cell growth-inhibitory activity from the cultured dinoflagellate of Symbiodinium sp., a symbiont of the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia virdis, and analysis of fatty acid of the dinoflagellate.".
Ref.418 : Michiaki Murakoshi, Hoyoku Nishino, Yoshiko Satomi, Junko Takayasu, Teiko Hasegawa, Harukuni Tokuda, Akio Iwashima, Junichi Okuzumi, Hidetoshi Okabe, Hirokazu Kitano, and Ryozo Iwasaki, [CANCER RESEARCH 52, 6583-6587, December 1, 1992], "Potent Preventive Action of a-Carotene against Carcinogenesis: Spontaneous Liver Carcinogenesis and Promoting Stage of Lung and Skin Carcinogenesis in Mice Are Suppressed More Effectively by a-Carotene Than by B-Carotene".
Ref.411 : L Le Marchand, J H Hankin, L N Kolonel, G R Beecher, L R Wilkens and L P Zhao, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.2, pp.183-187, May/June 1993, "Intake of specific carotenoids and lung cancer risk.".
Ref.509 : Evan W. Rogers and Tadeusz F. Molinski, J. Nat. Prod., 2005, 68 (3), pp 450–452, DOI: 10.1021/np0497797, "A Cytotoxic Carotenoid from the Marine Sponge Prianos osiros".
Ref.487 : Bertram JS, Vine AL., Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 30;1740(2):170-8. Epub 2005 Jan 25., "Cancer prevention by retinoids and carotenoids: independent action on a common target.".
Ref.486 : Moon RC, J Nutr. 1989 Jan;119(1):127-34., PMID: 2643696, "Comparative aspects of carotenoids and retinoids as chemopreventive agents for cancer.".
Ref.631 : Yusuke Takahashi, Gennadiy Moiseyev, Ying Chen, Krysten Farjo, Olga Nikolaeva, and Jian-xing Ma, FEBS J. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 April 1. "An Enzymatic Mechanism for Generating the Precursor of Endogenous 13-cis Retinoic Acid in the Brain".
Ref.457 : Julio Escribanoa, Gonzalo-Luis Alonsob, Miguel Coca-Pradosc, José-Antonio Fernández, Cancer Letters, Volume 100, Issues 1–2, 27 February 1996, Pages 23–30, "Crovin, safranal, and picrocrocin from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) inhibit the growth of human cancer cell in vitro".
Ref.481 : Anantharaman A, Hemachandran H, Priya RR, Sankari M, Gopalakrishnan M, Palanisami N, Siva R., J Biosci Bioeng. 2015 Jul 14. pii: S1389-1723(15)00200-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.05.007., PMID: 26187443, "Inhibitory effect of apocarotenoids on the activity of tyrosinase: Multi-spectroscopic and docking studies".
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